Modal Verbs: Ability. Advice, Necessity and Obligation. Possibility and Certainty.

Hi, everyone! We're going to revise the form and use of modal verbs.

Form.

The first thing we have to know is the type of modal verbs there are:

Pure modals	Semi-modals
can	be able to
could
may	have better
might
must	have to
shall
should
ought to
will
would
need ***	need to

*** need is a special verb since as a modal it is almost always negative such as you needn't come to work tomorrow
The pure modals are used just exactly as the auxiliary verbs in the sentence word order.

Subject	Modal / Auxiliary	Verb	Object	Manner, place and time
You	shouldn't	be	so stressed	for driving
You	needn't	drive		to school
I	can	give	you	a lift

Their main difference is that pure modals are invariable forms, that is, we can't use them in the past or future forms.
Instead, the semi-modals can be used in the past, future and the rest of tenses too.

Use.

For understanding the meaning and use of the modal verbs we can establish different uses: ability; advice, necessity, and obligation; possibility and certainty.

Ability

We express ability by means of the modals can and could and the semi-modal be able to.
Here a presentation to learn more about the modals of ability:

Modals - Ability from thelecturette.com

Exercises:

• http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-ability-exercise-1.html
  
• http://usefulenglish.ru/grammar/modal-verbs-exercise-one
  
• http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/modals/tests/modalability.html
  

Advice, necessity, and obligation

For expressing advice we have the modals:

• should and ought to (ought to isn't usually used in the negative and interrogative form) to express advice.
  
• need to to express necessity (only in the affirmative form).
  
• needn't (without to) and the don't/doesn't have to are used to make clear there's no need to do something.
  
• must and have to express obligation.
  
• mustn't for expressing prohibition (obligation of not doing)
  

For more information, you can watch these presentations

• Advice
  

Advice, should, shouldn't, ought to, had better, and had better not from Online English Courses

Exercises:

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/330-modals-advice1.htm

• Necessity
  

Modals of necessity from UTPL UTPL

Exercises:

http://usefulenglish.ru/grammar/modal-verbs-exercise-three

• Obligation
  

Modals for obligation and prohibition from David Mainwood

Exercises.

http://www.autoenglish.org/modalverbs/ModalsObligation.htm

Possibility and certainty

The modal verbs we use to express possibility and certainty are may, might, can, could, must

• to express possibility in the present or the future we may (may not), might (mightn't) and could.
  
• To express logical deduction we use must (in the affirmative form) or can't (in the negative form).
  
• When we are sure something is true we use must.
  
• When we are sure something is impossible we use can't.
  

Modals of Possibility and Certainty from David Mainwood

Exercises:

http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/intermediate/intermediate-grammar-exercise-modal-verbs-for-present-probability-must-cant-could-may-might

Reported Speech (Revision and Exercises)

Hi, there!

It's time to revise "Reported speech". The basic idea is that you use 'Reported Speech' (or estilo indirecto in Spanish) for telling what other people told.

Here is a video you should watch because it offers many examples of tense shift.

You could practise the reported speech with the following exercises.

• Mixed Tense Reported Statement Exercise
• Present Simple Reported Yes/No Question Exercise
• Present Simple Reported Wh Question Exercise
• Mixed Tense Reported Question Exercise
• Reported Requests and Orders Exercise
• Reported Speech Mixed Exercise 1 (difficult)
• Reported Speech Mixed Exercise 2 (difficult) 

Here's a bunch of exercises to practise reporting verbs.

• Reporting verbs exercises 1.
• Reporting verbs exercises 2.
• Reporting verbs exercises 3. 

Obligation and Advice in the song “Should I Stay or Should I go?: Have (got) to / Should

With this activity you can learn the use of the modal verbs HAVE (GOT) TO and SHOULD:

• We use SHOULD to express ADVICE.
  
• We use HAVE TO to express OBLIGATION in written and oral communication. But we usually use HAVE GOT TO in oral communication, for example in song.
  So it's very common to find HAVE GOT TO in many different versions, as they appear above:
  
  • have got to = 've got to = got to = gotta
    

Can you find more examples of SHOULD and HAVE (GOT) TO in the song's lyrics?
Remember that have got to can appear in different versions.

Here is the official video by band who sings it: The Clash.

These are the answers for the activity.

Should I stay or should I go? from chemcum

Writing about the Parts of the House and Furniture

Vamos a revisar vocabulario de las Parts of the House. Para ello utilizaremos un video y los conectores:

• and / but
• First, / Then, / After that, / Next, / Finally, 

También aprenderemos el uso de There's / There are
1. First, let's have a look at the video:

2. Then, let's answer the question: Usa los conectores para First, / Then, / After that, / Next, / Finally, para indicar el orden en que salen las habitaciones.
Where's the bee?

1. First, the bee is in the living room but it's not in the bedroom.
2. Next, The bee is in the bedroom but it's not in the kitchen
3. Then, ...
4. After, ...
5. ...
6. ...
7. ...
8. Finally, ...

Repite con cada escena cambiando el nombre de las habitaciones y practica la pronunciación.

3. Finally, practise There's / There are with pieces of furniture, for example

1. What is there in the living room? / There's a sofa, a table, a picture and a picture.
2. What is there in the kitchen? / There's an oven, a sink, and a cupboard.

Puedes repetir todas las veces que necesites hasta adquirir el vocabulario que estás trabajando

Good luck! and May Force be with you!

Present Continuous Use and Form. 1 ESO

Hi!
This post is about the present continuous. Watch the videos and do the tasks.
PROCESS. / Actions in progress

Task.

• Imagina una acción en proceso y dibújala como se muestra en el vídeo. Luego pasa al siguiente vídeo.

FORM. / How to make the present continous.

Task:

• Translate the sentences into English.
• Estoy jugando al Minecraft ahora mismo.
• Estamos leyendo "La Historia Interminable" este mes en clase.

Verb + Object + to infinitive

Hi, guys!
In this video you'll learn about a construction in English which is a bit complex for us, native Spanish speakers: VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE.
Watch this video for examples and explaination, it'll only take 2 minutes:

Now, you'll realise that this structure could substitued by a that-clause where the subject is what we call here the "object":
I want you to study harder.
I want that you study harder.

Then, the closest structure in Spanish is  a Proposición subordinada sustantiva.
Quiero que estudies más.
This is a list of common verbs followed by OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE:
Verbs followed by an object and the to-infinitive

advise allow ask beg cause choose	command convince enable encourage expect force	hire instruct invite need order permit	persuade prepare promise remind require tell	threaten urge want warn wish would like

And here are some exercises for you to practise:

• http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/intermediate/verb-object-to-infinitive
• http://www.fiestaesl.com/verbobj.html

Word Order in questions - Present Simple (1 ESO)

Hi, everybody.
There are two type of questions:

• Yes / No questions (Y/N) > your answer is yes or no.
• Wh- questions (WH-q) > your answer is an affirmative or negative sentence.

In the first video you can learn how to make questions in the present simple affirmative:

1. Ve el vídeo y haz un esquema parecido al que sale en él. Utiliza estas frases para poner sus partes en el esquema, tal y como te enseño en el vídeo.

• Do you play tennis in summer?
• Do you do your homework everyday?
• Where does she meet her friends on Sundays?
• When do they go cycling?
• Does your teacher play videos on youtube?

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